# Flow Control

Loop Structures |

Loop structures are intended for repetitive execution. They comprise a set of statements that are specified once but can execute multiple times based on defined counters or condition statements.

PxPlus includes the following directives for building controlled loops:

| FOR..NEXT | Uses a counter to control the number of repetitions made.
| WHILE..WEND | Tests a condition at the beginning the loop before starting.
| REPEAT..UNTIL | Tests a condition at the end of the loop before repeating.

A similar structure is used to open, query and read records from a data file. For information on this type of loop, see SELECT..FROM..NEXT RECORD.

PxPlus also includes some directives that allow early termination of a currently active loop. See Flow Overrides.

## Infinite Loops

Sometimes, a loop is constructed so that it executes endlessly. The term infinite loop most often applies to a situation where this result is not intended and is likely due to a logic or system error. Carefully review your code to ensure that your loops are designed to halt normally.

For information on dealing with unexpected results during program operation, see Error Handling and Debugging.

## FOR..NEXT

The FOR directive is used to define the start of a counter-controlled loop.

The two types of FOR..NEXT loops, a Conventional Format and a Simplified Iteration Format, are explained below.

Conventional Format

This FOR..NEXT syntax specifies a control variable (var), an initial value (first), an ending value (last), as well as an optional STEP value that can be used to set the increment/decrement to a specific value (default is 1):

> FOR var = first TO last [ STEP val ] ..NEXT [ var ]

The NEXT directive marks the end of the loop. The control variable used with the NEXT directive must match the variable in the corresponding FOR directive. The NEXT control variable is optional but should be used to maintain readability (especially for nested loops).

All statements following the FOR directive are executed in sequence until a NEXT directive is encountered. At this point, the control variable is incremented or decremented automatically. If the contents of the control variable exceeds the ending value (or falls below it, if decremented), control is transferred out of the FOR..NEXT loop, and execution resumes at the statement following the NEXT directive. Otherwise, control stays in the loop and is transferred back to the statement following the FOR directive.

Example:

> 0010 FOR I=1 TO 10
> 0020 PRINT I,
> 0030 NEXT I
> RUN
> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

#### Note:
The conventional FOR..NEXT format does not test the condition until the NEXT statement is executed; therefore, the loop is always executed at least once, even if the control variable is initialized to a value exceeding the ending value.

Simplified Iteration Format

The following FOR..NEXT syntax is used to specify the number of iterations in the loop:

> FOR var .. NEXT [ var ]

The simplified format executes the logic immediately following the FOR by the number of times specified in the numeric value var; therefore, FOR 1 will execute the loop once, and FOR 5 will execute the loop 5 times. A value of zero causes the loop to be skipped. An error is generated if the numeric value is not an integer or it is less than zero.

If var is a simple numeric variable, the system will first set var to 1, then increment up to its initial value. When var is 5, the loop will execute 5 times, with var starting at 1 and incrementing by 1 through each iteration to 5. At the completion of the loop,var will equal its initial value.

Example:

> 0010 LET X$="THIS IS A TEST"
> 0020 LET N=LEN(X$)
> 0030 FOR N
> 0040 IF X$(N,1)=" " THEN LET X$(N,1)="_"
> 0050 NEXT
> 0060 PRINT X$
> RUN
> THIS_IS_A_TEST

If the loop is exited prematurely (via BREAK, POP or EXITTO), the counter variable var will retain the value of the current iteration. Regardless of whether a simple numeric variable is used, TCB(19) will contain the current iteration count during the loop.

For syntax details, see FOR..NEXT directive.

## WHILE..WEND

Use the WHILE directive to specify a condition (numeric expression) at the beginning of a condition-controlled loop:

> WHILE expression ..WEND

PxPlus executes all statements between WHILE and WEND repeatedly until the expression returns a false (0 zero ) result.

Example:

> 0010 INPUT "CAN WE TALK? <Y/N> ",R$
> 0020 WHILE UCS(R$)<>"N"
> 0030 INPUT "NAME PLEASE: ",N$
> 0040 INPUT "WHAT IS YOUR AGE "+N$+"? ",A$
> 0050 INPUT "CONTINUE? <Y/N> ",R$
> 0060 WEND

When PxPlus encounters a WHILE directive, it evaluates the expression. If the result is not 0 (zero), PxPlus continues execution until a corresponding WEND directive is encountered, at which point the expression is re-evaluated. PxPlus continues to loop back to the directive following the WHILE directive until a 0 value is reached. At this point, PxPlus advances to the next WEND directive, where it terminates the loop. Then control transfers to the statement following the WEND.

For syntax details, see WHILE..WEND directive.

## REPEAT..UNTIL

The REPEAT directive is used to begin a condition-controlled loop. In this structure, the UNTIL directive specifies the condition at the end of the loop:

> REPEAT ..UNTIL expression

PxPlus executes all statements between REPEAT and UNTIL repeatedly until the expression returns a true (non-zero) result.

Example:

> 0010 LET X=1
> 0020 LET C=1
> 0030 REPEAT
> 0040 LET X=X*2
> 0050 LET C=C+1
> 0060 UNTIL X>100000
> 0070 PRINT C,X
> RUN
> 18 131072

After the REPEAT directive, PxPlus executes all statements until the UNTIL directive; it then tests the condition specified. If the result is false (0 zero), PxPlus loops back to the directive following the REPEAT directive and resumes execution. If the result is true (non-zero), the loop is terminated and execution continues from the statement following the UNTIL directive.

For syntax details, see REPEAT..UNTIL directive.